The Times History of the World by Richard Overy

Author:Richard Overy
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: HarperCollins Publishers

1648 TO 1795

THE AGE OF PARTITION: EASTERN EUROPE

After 1648, a new balance of power in eastern Europe was brought about by the decline of both Poland-Lithuania and the Ottoman empire. Turkish resilience preserved the Ottoman empire from collapse, but Poland’s internal weakness was cynically exploited by its neighbours to block reform and to destroy and partition the state.

Poland’s failure to crush the revolt of the Zaporozhian Cossacks after 1648 opened a new chapter in east European history. Poland-Lithuania was torn by foreign invasion in the Second Northern War (1655–60) and although it recovered it could not prevent the loss of Kiev and the left-bank Ukraine to Muscovy at the treaty of Andrusovo (1667) or rebuild its military system, with the result that the Ukraine remained a battleground for Poland, Russia and the Ottomans. The Cossacks divided into pro-Polish, pro-Russian and pro-Ottoman factions in the period known in Ukraine as “the Ruin”.

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